9.JohnOSullivan,Annexation,UnitedStatesMagazineandDemocraticReview,Julyndash;August1845,5.

10.JohnQuincyAdams,AnAddressDeliveredattheRequestoftheCommitteeofCitizensofWashington,4July1821(Washington,D.C.:DavisandForce,1821),28ndash;29.

11.Ibid.

12.从东往西迁移从理论上讲，是指世界统治权的转移，即最高政治权力宝座的时空变化：从巴比伦和波斯到希腊，到罗马，到法国或德国，再到英国和（摩尔斯设想的）美国。乔治middot;伯克莱（GeorgeBerkeley）在关于美洲艺术和学识前景的诗歌中就有如下著名的诗句：

帝国走向西行之路；前四节已经落幕，第五节是大戏的终点，最后往往是关键一步。13.JedidiahMorse,TheAmericanGeography;or,AViewofthePresentSituationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,2nded.(London:JohnStockdale,1792),468ndash;69,asexcerptedinManifestDestinyandAmericanTerritorialExpansion:ABriefHistorywithDocuments,ed.AmyS.Greenberg(Boston:Bedford/St.Martins,2012),

14.JohnOSullivan,TheGreatNationofFuturity,UnitedStatesMagazineandDemocraticReview,November1839,426ndash;27.

15.OSullivan,Annexation,9ndash;10.

16.SeeAmandaForeman,AWorldonFire:BritainsCrucialRoleintheAmericanCivilWar(NewYork:RandomHouse,2011);HowardJones,BlueandGrayDiplomacy:AHistoryofUnionandConfederateForeignRelations(ChapelHill:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,2009).

17.Foreman,WorldonFire,784.美国武装部队人员从南北战争结束时的1034064人下降到18个月后的正规军54302人、志愿军11000人。

18.FareedZakaria,FromWealthtoPower:TheUnusualOriginsofAmericasWorldRole(Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress,1998),47.

19.GroverCleveland,FirstInauguralAddress,March4,1885,inThePublicPapersofGroverCleveland(Washington,D.C.:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1889),8.

20.ThomasG.Paterson,J.GarryClifford,andKennethJ.Hagan,AmericanForeignPolicy:AHistory(Lexington,Mass.:D.C.Heath,1977),189.

21.TheodoreRoosevelt,InauguralAddress,March4,1905,inUnitedStatesCongressionalSerialSet484(Washington,D.C.:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1905),559.

22.TheodoreRoosevelt,InternationalPeace,Nobellecture,May5,1910,inPeace:1901ndash;1925:NobelLectures(Singapore:WorldScientificPublishingCo.,1999),106.

23.RooseveltsstatementtoCongress,1902,quotedinJohnMortonBlum,TheRepublicanRoosevelt(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1967),137.

24.RoosevelttoSpringRice,December21,1907,inTheSelectedLettersofTheodoreRoosevelt,ed.H.W.Brands(Lanham,Md.:Rowmanamp;Littlefield,2001),465.

25.TheodoreRoosevelt,reviewofTheInfluenceofSeaPoweruponHistory,byAlfredThayerMahan,AtlanticMonthly,October1890.

26.TheodoreRoosevelt,TheStrenuousLife,inTheStrenuousLife:EssaysandAddresses(NewYork:Century,1905),9.

27.当德国和英国战舰1902年向长期负债累累的委内瑞拉行进，准备强制收回一笔早就逾期的贷款时，罗斯福要求两国保证不得以追债方式寻求领土和政治扩张。但德国代表只承诺放弃永久性占有领土（留下了建立期限99年的租界的可能，如英国在埃及以及英国、德国在中国所做的那样），罗斯福于是威胁发动战争。他随即派一支美国舰队挥师南下，并把委内瑞拉海港的地图发放给媒体。这一策略奏效了。罗斯福保持沉默，好让威廉皇帝保全面子，退出这场危机。这个时候，德意志帝国在委内瑞拉的野心遭到了决定性重创。SeeEdmundMorris,TheodoreRex(NewYork:RandomHouse,2001),176ndash;82.