44.WoodrowWilson,MessagetoCongress,April2,1917,inU.S.PresidentsandForeignPolicyfrom1789tothePresent,ed.CarlC.HodgeandCathalJ.Nolan(SantaBarbara,Calif.:ABC-CLIO,2007),396.

45.PeaceWithoutVictory,January22,1917,insupplementtoAmericanJournalofInternationalLaw11(1917):323.

46.Wilson,MessagetoCongress,April2,1917,inPresidentWilsonsGreatSpeeches,andOtherHistory,MakingDocuments(Chicago:StantonandVanVliet,1917),17ndash;18.

47.WoodrowWilson,FifthAnnualMessage,December4,1917,inUnitedStatesCongressionalSerialSet7443(Washington,D.C.:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1917),41.

48.WoodrowWilson,AnAddressatMountVernon,July4,1918,inLink,Papers,48:516.

49.Wilson,MessagetoCongress,April2,1917,PresidentWilsonsGreatSpeeches,18.

50.Wilson,FifthAnnualMessage,December4,1917,inTheForeignPolicyofPresidentWoodrowWilson:Messages,AddressesandPapers,ed.JamesBrownScott(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1918),306.

51.Ibid.SeealsoBerg,Wilson,472ndash;73.

52.WoodrowWilson,RemarksatSuresnesCemeteryonMemorialDay,May30,1919,inLink,Papers,59:608ndash;9.

53.LloydGeorge,Wilsonmemorandum,March25,1919,inRayStannardBaker,ed.,WoodrowWilsonandWorldSettlement(NewYork:Doubleday,Page,1922),2:450.Foraconferenceparticipantsaccountofthesometimeslessthanidealisticprocessbywhichthenewnationalbordersweredrawn,seeHaroldNicolson,Peacemaking,1919(1933;London:Faberamp;Faber,2009).Foracontemporaryanalysis,seeMargaretMacMillan,Paris1919:SixMonthsThatChangedtheWorld(NewYork:RandomHouse,2002).

54.Address,January22,1917,inLink,Papers,40:536ndash;37.

55.Wilson,MessagetoCongress,April2,1917,PresidentWilsonsGreatSpeeches,18.

56.Wilson,AddresstoaJointSessionofCongressontheConditionsofPeace(January8,1918)(FourteenPoints),inPresidentWilsonsGreatSpeeches,18.SeealsoBerg,Wilson,469ndash;72.

57.一般情况下，在主要大国力量没有直接卷入的地区，当它们都认为有必要监控有关国家之间协议的落实情况时，联合国提供了有益的维和机制。联合国比国联强得多，履行了许多重要职能：为处于困难中的外交接触提供论坛，完成了几次重大的维和行动，推出了许多人道主义举措。这些国际机制未能做到也不可能完成的是：当大国有分歧的时候，它们无法参与判断哪一项具体行为构成了侵略，无法决定采取什么方式抵制侵略。