第八章美国：心情矛盾的超级大国

1.二战后第一位总统杜鲁门解释道，美国的外交政策坚定地建立在公平正义的原则之上，我们一定要努力把这一黄金原则应用到这个世界的国际事务中去。艾森豪威尔曾是一位坚强的士兵，作为总统，他几乎用同样的话语来表达目标：我们希望和平hellip;hellip;在国家生活中扎根。必须有正义，所有人民都能感受和分享hellip;hellip;必须有法律，所有国家都援用和尊重它。因此，正如杰拉尔德middot;福特在1974年国会联席会议上所说：成功的外交政策，是把全体美国人民的希望向外延伸，追求一个有序和平、有序改良和有序自由的世界。HarryS.Truman,AddressonForeignPolicyattheNavyDayCelebrationinNewYorkCity,October27,1945;DwightD.Eisenhower,SecondInauguralAddress(ThePriceofPeace),January21,1957,inPublicPapersofthePresidents:DwightD.Eisenhower,1957ndash;1961,62ndash;63.GeraldFord,AddresstoaJointSessionofCongress,August12,1974,inPublicPapersofthePresidents:GeraldR.Ford(1974ndash;1977),6.

2.LyndonB.Johnson,AddresstotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly,December17,1963.

3.Foraneloquentexposition,seeRobertKagan,TheWorldAmericaMade(NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf,2012).

4.MilovanDjilas,ConversationswithStalin,trans.MichaelB.Petrovich(NewYork:HarcourtBraceamp;Company,1962),114.

5.KennantoCharlesBohlen,January26,1945,asquotedinJohnLewisGaddis,GeorgeKennan:AnAmericanLife(NewYork:PenguinBooks,2011),188.

6.Bohlen,WitnesstoHistory,176.

7.美国大使馆当时暂时没有大使。Wmiddot;埃夫里尔middot;哈里曼已经离任，而沃尔特middot;比德尔middot;史密斯尚未赴任。

8.X[GeorgeF.Kennan],TheSourcesofSovietConduct,ForeignAffairs25,no.4(July1947).

9.Ibid.

10.RobertRhodesJames,ed.,WinstonS.Churchill:HisCompleteSpeeches,1897ndash;1963(NewYork:ChelseaHouse,1974),7:7710.

11.AReporttotheNationalSecurityCouncilbytheExecutiveSecretaryonUnitedStatesObjectivesandProgramsforNationalSecurity,NSC-68(April14,1950),7.

12.JohnFosterDulles,FoundationsofPeace(addresstotheVeteransofForeignWars,NewYork,August18,1958).

13.GeorgeH.W.BushfacedasimilarissueafterSaddamHusseinsforceshadbeenexpelledfromKuwaitin1991.

14.ShenZhihua,Mao,Stalin,andtheKoreanWar:TrilateralCommunistRelationsinthe1950s,trans.NeilSilver(London:Routledge,2012),140.

15.ChenJian,ChinasRoadtotheKoreanWar:TheMakingoftheSino-AmericanConfrontation(NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1994),149ndash;50.OntheChineseleadershipsanalysisofthewaranditsregionalimplications,seealsoSergeiN.Goncharov,JohnW.Lewis,andXueLitai,UncertainPartners:Stalin,Mao,andtheKoreanWar(Stanford,Calif.:StanfordUniversityPress,1993);HenryKissinger,OnChina(NewYork:PenguinPress,2011),chap.5;Shen,Mao,Stalin,andtheKoreanWar;andShuGuangZhang,MaosMilitaryRomanticism:ChinaandtheKoreanWar,1950ndash;1953(Lawrence:UniversityPressofKansas,1995).

16.SeeChapter5.